IGCSE Sociology Unit 2 – Culture, identity and Socialization Practice Test

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• Which influence occurs when peers encourage individuals to conform to a group's norms and values?
• Which of the following best illustrates deterrence by punishment?
• Which of the following best exemplifies deterrence in a non-criminal context?
• Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.
• Which statement best distinguishes culture from society?
• Why are media representations important for identity formation?
• What is informal social control and its mechanisms?
• What term describes the behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations?
• What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
• What is the hidden curriculum in schooling?
• Which term describes a society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other?
• Non-material culture includes which components?
• How does peer pressure influence adolescent identity?
• Explain how stereotypes influence socialization and identity.
• Which term best describes the process by which children are guided into activities believed appropriate for their gender?
• Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles, reinforcing what is learnt in the primary stage. Normally thought to start from the age of approximately 5 years. It's a lifelong process.
• What is the difference between sex and gender?
• Which term refers to the standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong?
• Which statement best describes the effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• What is the difference between individual and collective identity?
• What term refers to age-based groups sharing similar status and roles?
• Behavior that is expected of someone because of their status in society.
• The expected behavior associated with being male.
• How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.
• What is social identity theory and its implications for group behavior?
• What are the main agents of socialization in schools?
• Where does primary socialization primarily occur?
• The social construction of reality suggests our perceptions are shaped by social processes. Which example illustrates this concept?
• Which elements contribute to national identity?
• What is the term for the influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform to norms and values?
• Which term describes individuals' perception of themselves based partly on how others view them, often tied to social roles or groups they belong to?
• What role do agents of socialization generally include?
• Which concept explains the stability of a society's large institutions over time?
• Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as family, education system, media and peers).
• What is cultural capital and who coined the term?
• What is the term for the use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms?
• Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
• Which pair illustrates high culture and popular culture?
• How do religious beliefs function as agents of socialization?
• In what ways can identity be both stable and fluid in contemporary society?
• Which statement best distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
• In deterrence theory, what is 'certainty' of punishment?
• The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed or achieved.
• Which of the following lists are common agents of socialization?
• Which term describes discouraging actions by instilling fear of punishment?
• The attributes that people think characterize a group, often wrongly.
• Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.
• What does intersectionality help explain about social advantage and disadvantage?
• Excluding someone from the community or group is called what?
• What is the difference between cultural diffusion and acculturation?
• Which statement best describes how class and religion interact to shape identity?
• The use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms and values in society.
• How do values, norms, and sanctions differ?
• What term describes the way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and roles?
• Which term describes a society formed by multiple cultures living side by side within a shared political framework?
• A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.
• Why is it important to study socialization across the life course?
• In schools, what does the term hidden curriculum refer to?
• The idea that people construct (i.e., create, make, invent) their understandings of the world and the meanings they give to social situations and events. They do not exist in nature as independent things. (Example: money, gender, culture,...)
• The stage of development between childhood and adulthood is called?
• In role theory, what guides an individual's actions within a social position?
• Which term describes the patterns of behavior that are expected of females in a society?
• Social control imposed by a person or organization who has the authority to implement rules or laws.
• What is cultural lag?
• Which term refers to the system of expectations and duties assigned to a person based on their status?
• Which term denotes the first and most important period of socialization during which basic norms are learned?
• How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?
• What is one key effect of cultural capital on social advantage?
• How does language contribute to cultural identity?
• Which statement best describes deterrence in sociology?
• Which term describes a group within a larger culture with its own distinctive norms and values?
• An ethnic group relatively small in number compared with the majority is called what?
• Which term best describes the coexistence of diverse cultures within a single society?
• Which term best describes the spread of cultures through global contact?
• Consists of different ways and agents in order to make members of society conform to norms and values.
• Which statement about deterrence is often debated in sociology?
• Culture shock is best described as which of the following?
• Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).
• Acting according to norms and social expectations (change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group/society).
• Compare duration and impact of primary vs secondary socialization on identity.
• Which term describes the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood?
• When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.
• Where does socialization primarily occur?
• General deterrence differs from specific deterrence in that general deterrence is aimed at deterring the public from committing crimes.
• A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.
• Explain cultural transmission through childhood socialization in non-Western contexts.
• Which term describes belonging to the age group of those advanced in years?
• Which statement describes primary socialization?
• What is the function of rites of passage in socialization?
• The roles and expectations associated with being male or female (the way society says you should act according to your sex).
• 'Wild' children who have not been socialized.
• Define patriarchy and explain its relevance to gender socialization.
• What is a key difference between individual and collective identity?
• Which term refers to the social category of being male or female as defined by society?
• Which term describes a positive sanction given for good behavior?
• The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.
• Which term refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people?
• Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.
• What is cultural relativism?
• Ethnocentrism is the practice of...
• Role of education in reproducing or challenging social inequality.
• What term describes any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other?
• How can cultural identities be intersectional?
• Which concept refers to parts of society that have their own norms and values, such as the family and the school system?
• Which type of deterrence is aimed at preventing a particular individual from reoffending?
• Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.
• What is a hallmark of primary socialization?
• What is the role of family in socializing gender roles?
• Which term describes the state of being accepted by culture as a full member?
• Which term describes a smaller ethnic group within a larger society?
• Which statement best summarizes how culture through socialization shapes identity?
• The expected behavior associated with being female.
• Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, but usually used in the sense of punishment (negative).
• A criticism of deterrence claims is that it may overlook root causes like poverty and inequality.
• General agreement across a society on a set of values.
• A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being?
• Cultural diffusion refers to which of the following?
• When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.
• Which concept describes a society that prioritizes children's well-being?
• What term means evaluating cultures on their own context?
• How can education challenge inequality?
• How does socialization relate to role theory?
• The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.
• Which statement best captures a limitation of deterrence theory?
• Which term describes the classification of people into upper, middle, and working class?
• Ascribed vs achieved status with school examples.
• Refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.
• Which term refers to people of the same status, such as the same age or the same job?
• What is one effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• What term denotes a positive sanction that praises or improves someone's situation?
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
• How does media literacy relate to understanding culture and identity?
• Which concept refers to a set of ideas about social order created by people rather than discovered?
• Which term best describes the variety of cultures within a society?
• Which of the following is an example of a national symbol used to evoke identity?
• Which form of deterrence uses the threat of punishment to prevent future offenses by the individual offender?
• In the nature-nurture debate, which factor refers to the influence of biology on behavior?
• Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.
• Channelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them because of gender?
• Which term refers to the idea that globalization leads to a single culture shared worldwide?
• What does consumer culture emphasize about identity?
• Which factor refers to the influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate?
• The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior is called what?
• In what way can stereotypes lead to bias?
• An example of specific deterrence would be a sentence designed to ...
• Acculturation occurs due to contact with another culture or immigration. Which statement best describes this process?
• When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.
• What is a formal sanction? Provide examples in daily life.
• Which mechanisms sustain the transmission of culture across generations?
• How do rituals contribute to social cohesion?
• Cultural relativism helps avoid ethnocentrism by...
• A key assumption of deterrence theory is that people weigh perceived costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime.
• Which concept describes general agreement across a society on a set of values?
• Gender socialization in different cultural contexts.
• Cultural diffusion can alter identities by blending customs, foods, and languages.
• What are the norms in a society that are widely accepted and carry on across generations?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.
• Which statement best describes sanctions?
• How does ethnicity form part of cultural identity?
• Which concept involves using rewards or punishments to regulate behavior in a society?
• Which concept refers to the nonformal, everyday means by which society regulates behavior?
• Which term describes children learning by copying others' actions?
• A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.
• Which term refers to social control enforced by the police, courts, or military?
• Which Of The Following Is A Potential Benefit Of Deterrence, Rather Than A Critique?
• Which term denotes the set of routines and practices that characterizes a group beyond explicit norms?
• Which term refers to formal rules enacted by the state to regulate behavior?
• How do peer groups influence identity formation during adolescence?
• How do subcultures resist or accommodate dominant culture?
• What is the role of peer groups in identity formation?
• How can globalization lead to cultural hybridization?
• Which concept describes the process by which individuals adapt their behavior to align with group expectations?
• In evaluating deterrence, researchers emphasize that punishment must be swift, certain, and proportional.
• Which statement best describes informal social control mechanisms?
• Which statement best explains why gender socialization occurs in many cultures?
• Which idea refers to the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time?
• Statements that people hold to be true, (no need for proof)
• Which term refers to the wide differences between human cultures?
• Which of the following best describes subcultures and countercultures?