IGCSE Sociology Unit 2 – Culture, identity and Socialization Practice Test

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• Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
• Non-material culture includes which components?
• What term describes the way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and roles?
• How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.
• What term means evaluating cultures on their own context?
• Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.
• Which term describes a group within a larger culture with its own distinctive norms and values?
• Which concept describes general agreement across a society on a set of values?
• General deterrence differs from specific deterrence in that general deterrence is aimed at deterring the public from committing crimes.
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed or achieved.
• How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?
• Which term describes the patterns of behavior that are expected of females in a society?
• The stage of development between childhood and adulthood is called?
• Which statement best describes deterrence in sociology?
• An ethnic group relatively small in number compared with the majority is called what?
• Which term refers to the idea that globalization leads to a single culture shared worldwide?
• How do religious beliefs function as agents of socialization?
• Compare duration and impact of primary vs secondary socialization on identity.
• Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).
• What is the function of rites of passage in socialization?
• Which concept refers to a set of ideas about social order created by people rather than discovered?
• Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, but usually used in the sense of punishment (negative).
• In the nature-nurture debate, which factor refers to the influence of biology on behavior?
• Which term refers to the standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong?
• What is cultural relativism?
• What is one effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• Which concept involves using rewards or punishments to regulate behavior in a society?
• Explain how stereotypes influence socialization and identity.
• How can globalization lead to cultural hybridization?
• Which type of deterrence is aimed at preventing a particular individual from reoffending?
• What is informal social control and its mechanisms?
• How can cultural identities be intersectional?
• What is a key difference between individual and collective identity?
• An example of specific deterrence would be a sentence designed to ...
• The idea that people construct (i.e., create, make, invent) their understandings of the world and the meanings they give to social situations and events. They do not exist in nature as independent things. (Example: money, gender, culture,...)
• Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.
• Which of the following best exemplifies deterrence in a non-criminal context?
• What is the difference between individual and collective identity?
• In schools, what does the term hidden curriculum refer to?
• Which of the following best describes subcultures and countercultures?
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
• Where does socialization primarily occur?
• When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.
• How does language contribute to cultural identity?
• Which statement describes primary socialization?
• A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.
• Refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.
• Which influence occurs when peers encourage individuals to conform to a group's norms and values?
• Which term refers to the system of expectations and duties assigned to a person based on their status?
• Which term describes a society formed by multiple cultures living side by side within a shared political framework?
• What is the difference between sex and gender?
• The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.
• Which of the following is an example of a national symbol used to evoke identity?
• Social control imposed by a person or organization who has the authority to implement rules or laws.
• Which statement about deterrence is often debated in sociology?
• Which term describes individuals' perception of themselves based partly on how others view them, often tied to social roles or groups they belong to?
• What is a hallmark of primary socialization?
• What does intersectionality help explain about social advantage and disadvantage?
• Which term describes a smaller ethnic group within a larger society?
• The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior is called what?
• A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.
• Which concept describes a society that prioritizes children's well-being?
• Ethnocentrism is the practice of...
• Acculturation occurs due to contact with another culture or immigration. Which statement best describes this process?
• The expected behavior associated with being male.
• Which term refers to people of the same status, such as the same age or the same job?
• Channelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them because of gender?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.
• Which term best describes the spread of cultures through global contact?
• Which term refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people?
• Which term best describes the coexistence of diverse cultures within a single society?
• Which form of deterrence uses the threat of punishment to prevent future offenses by the individual offender?
• The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.
• The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.
• Behavior that is expected of someone because of their status in society.
• Explain cultural transmission through childhood socialization in non-Western contexts.
• Which term best describes the process by which children are guided into activities believed appropriate for their gender?
• The roles and expectations associated with being male or female (the way society says you should act according to your sex).
• What is cultural capital and who coined the term?
• Which Of The Following Is A Potential Benefit Of Deterrence, Rather Than A Critique?
• Excluding someone from the community or group is called what?
• Which of the following best illustrates deterrence by punishment?
• What is a formal sanction? Provide examples in daily life.
• Which term describes children learning by copying others' actions?
• How can education challenge inequality?
• Acting according to norms and social expectations (change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group/society).
• Which concept describes the process by which individuals adapt their behavior to align with group expectations?
• What term refers to age-based groups sharing similar status and roles?
• How do rituals contribute to social cohesion?
• What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
• Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.
• Role of education in reproducing or challenging social inequality.
• What does consumer culture emphasize about identity?
• Why are media representations important for identity formation?
• The social construction of reality suggests our perceptions are shaped by social processes. Which example illustrates this concept?
• A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being?
• How does socialization relate to role theory?
• Statements that people hold to be true, (no need for proof)
• Consists of different ways and agents in order to make members of society conform to norms and values.
• What are the main agents of socialization in schools?
• Which term refers to formal rules enacted by the state to regulate behavior?
• A key assumption of deterrence theory is that people weigh perceived costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime.
• How do peer groups influence identity formation during adolescence?
• Culture shock is best described as which of the following?
• Which term refers to the wide differences between human cultures?
• What is one key effect of cultural capital on social advantage?
• Why is it important to study socialization across the life course?
• Which concept refers to the nonformal, everyday means by which society regulates behavior?
• Ascribed vs achieved status with school examples.
• Which term describes belonging to the age group of those advanced in years?
• The use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms and values in society.
• Which mechanisms sustain the transmission of culture across generations?
• Which term best describes the variety of cultures within a society?
• Gender socialization in different cultural contexts.
• Which term describes a positive sanction given for good behavior?
• Which pair illustrates high culture and popular culture?
• Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.
• Which statement best describes sanctions?
• Which term describes discouraging actions by instilling fear of punishment?
• Which statement best describes how class and religion interact to shape identity?
• What is the role of family in socializing gender roles?
• 'Wild' children who have not been socialized.
• Which term denotes the first and most important period of socialization during which basic norms are learned?
• Which term describes the classification of people into upper, middle, and working class?
• A criticism of deterrence claims is that it may overlook root causes like poverty and inequality.
• In evaluating deterrence, researchers emphasize that punishment must be swift, certain, and proportional.
• What term denotes a positive sanction that praises or improves someone's situation?
• In what way can stereotypes lead to bias?
• Which term describes the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood?
• Which term denotes the set of routines and practices that characterizes a group beyond explicit norms?
• The expected behavior associated with being female.
• In deterrence theory, what is 'certainty' of punishment?
• How does media literacy relate to understanding culture and identity?
• Which concept explains the stability of a society's large institutions over time?
• Which factor refers to the influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate?
• Which statement best describes informal social control mechanisms?
• Which statement best captures a limitation of deterrence theory?
• What are the norms in a society that are widely accepted and carry on across generations?
• Where does primary socialization primarily occur?
• Which idea refers to the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time?
• Which term refers to social control enforced by the police, courts, or military?
• Which statement best describes the effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.
• Which elements contribute to national identity?
• Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles, reinforcing what is learnt in the primary stage. Normally thought to start from the age of approximately 5 years. It's a lifelong process.
• Which term describes the state of being accepted by culture as a full member?
• In role theory, what guides an individual's actions within a social position?
• When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.
• Which of the following lists are common agents of socialization?
• The attributes that people think characterize a group, often wrongly.
• What is the role of peer groups in identity formation?
• What is social identity theory and its implications for group behavior?
• Which term refers to the social category of being male or female as defined by society?
• Cultural diffusion refers to which of the following?
• Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.
• Which term describes a society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other?
• What is the term for the use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms?
• General agreement across a society on a set of values.
• Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as family, education system, media and peers).
• Which statement best summarizes how culture through socialization shapes identity?
• What is cultural lag?
• Which statement best distinguishes culture from society?
• How do values, norms, and sanctions differ?
• Which concept refers to parts of society that have their own norms and values, such as the family and the school system?
• What role do agents of socialization generally include?
• How does peer pressure influence adolescent identity?
• Which statement best explains why gender socialization occurs in many cultures?
• Cultural relativism helps avoid ethnocentrism by...
• When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.
• What term describes the behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations?
• In what ways can identity be both stable and fluid in contemporary society?
• How do subcultures resist or accommodate dominant culture?
• What is the difference between cultural diffusion and acculturation?
• What term describes any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other?
• What is the term for the influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform to norms and values?
• Cultural diffusion can alter identities by blending customs, foods, and languages.
• What is the hidden curriculum in schooling?
• Which statement best distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
• How does ethnicity form part of cultural identity?
• Define patriarchy and explain its relevance to gender socialization.